National Capital Territories - Delhi

Capital : Delhi
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States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories - Lakshadeep

Capital : Kavaratti
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States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories - Pondicherry

Capital : Pondicherry
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States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories Dadra Nager Haveli

Capital : Silvassa
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States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories - Daman and Diu

Capital : Daman
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States and Union Territories of India

Uttaranchal

Capital : Dehradun
Principal Languages : Hindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni, English

Geography :

A young state, Uttaranchal perches in northern India high upon the Shivalik foothills and Greater Himalayan Mountains. Having northern borders with Himachal Pradesh and Tibet, the state is also bounded by Nepal on the east, Uttar Pradesh on the south and west, and a sliver of Haryana on the west. Almost all of the state is part of the Himalayan mountain range; the highest point is 25,646 feet (7,817 m) above sea level. Additionally, two of India's prized rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna, originate from this mountain state.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Almora, Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet (Magnificent scenic beauty spots), Hardwar (Holy place year), Rishikesh, Pauri, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, Yamnotri (ancient places of pilgrimage), Hemkund Sahib, Nanakmatta (Sikh pilgrimage places), Dehradun (Capital city and known for Forest Research Institute and Indian Military Academy), Gairsen (the proposed new capital), Gopeshwar, Pithoragarh and Rudrapur (Populous towns), Pindari Glacier and Corbett National Park.

Climate :

Altitude variation creates two drastically different climate zones within this tiny state. Hilly regions and plains experience a tropical climate. Summers bring blistering heat and an unpleasant humidity. Temperatures regularly climb over 104 F (40 C). On the contrary, mountainous terrain sees an alpine climate. Winters are incredibly cold, and summers bring only moderate heat. The alpine zone undergoes a long period of snowfall in the colder months and large amount of rainfall during the monsoon season.

Location :

Uttaranchal is bounded by Tibet (China) in the North and Uttar Pradesh in the South, Nepal in the east and Himachal Pradesh in the west.

Culture :

Uttaranchal actually contains a significant cultural divide based off the land. Lifestyles and prevailing tastes vary between the Himalayan region of the state (Garhwal) and the hilly region (Kumaon). Garwhalis tend to lead a largely agrarian lifestyle. Certain groups within the region also live as nomadic traders, but this tradition was stifled by the 1950 closing of ancient trade routes to Tibet. Most native peoples, like the Jaunsari, Bhotia, Buksha, Tharu, and Raji, of the region follow their own variations of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sikh and Muslim populations have also migrated to the land from neighboring states. Despite influences of prevailing Hindi films, music of the region has remained true to its ancestry. Inspiration from the Himalayas, their beauty, and the emotions they evoke are at the heart of Garwhali music. Kumaonese culture is strongly patriarchal and based on the foundation that men are superior to women. Women are highly respected and work right beside men in fields and forests, but men enjoy a higher regard. Society is based on the large extended family with the eldest male as its head. Polygamy is an openly accepted practice, but polyandry is strictly forbidden. Another practice viewed as antiquated in most of India still finds general approval in Kumaon. In direct violation of the law, less educated families tend to partake in child marriage rituals

History :

Uttaranchal is the sacred land (Puniya Bhumi) where so many ancient shrines and places of pilgrimage are scattered. The damand for a separate hill state of Uttarakhand arose in 1930 for rapid development of Kumaon and Garhwal regions. Many committees of the government of Uttar Pradesh considered it from time to time but did not find it economically feasible until the agitation by the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal became violent. That brought out ultimately the new State on November 9, 2000.

Economy :

Unable to tap what natural resources it does have, Uttaranchal's economic condition is on shaky ground. It is believed that the Tarai region alone could possibly produce enough food for the entire state, but large-scale farming has not become large enough. With few resources and a rough terrain, hydroelectric energy, and tourism are the only profitable industries in the state. Tourism is the backbone of the state economy, and the government is working continuously to improve infrastructure and make tourism even more viable.


States and Union Territories of India

West Bengal

Capital : Calcutta
Principal Languages : Bengali

Geography :

Having a rather curious shape, West Bengal actually has three national boundaries. The northern countries of Nepal and Bhutan compose part of this oddity, and on the east Bangladesh finishes it out. West Bengal also borders Assam on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the south, and Orissa, Jharkhand, and Bihar on the west. From north to south, this single state stretches from the Himalayan Mountains to the Gangetic plains to the Bay of Bengal. All of this happens over the course of about 300 miles (about 483 km).

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Alipur, Asansol, Balurghat, Bakkhali Sea Resort, Bakreshwar, Bankura, Barasat, Burdwan, Berhampur, Kolkata (India's largest city and third largest in the world, Howrah Bridge renamed Rabindra Setu, Maidan, Chowringhee, Victoria Memorial, Indian Museum, Zoological Garden, Dakshineshwar Temple, Shaheed Minar, fort William, Jorasanko Thankurbati-Birthplace of Rabindranath Tagore, Rabindra Sarovar, Nehru Children Museum, Pareshnath Temple, Kalighat Temple, Birla Planetairum, Pareshnath Temple, Kalighat Temple, Birla Planetarium, India's first underground railway ), Coochbehar, Darjeeling(hill stations, Mirik, Kalimpong, Sandakfu and Falut and Kurseong), Digha (Midnapore) Durgapur (Burdwan), Hugli, Jalpaiguri (Jaldapara and Dooars), Kharagpur, Krishnagar, Malda (Gour and Pandua), Midnapur, Murshidabad, Purulia, Sagar Island and Sunderbans (South 24-Parganas), Shantiniketan, Suri, Tarakeswar.

Climate :

West Bengal experiences three distinct seasons over the course of the year. Winter (more accurately described as the cool season, considering the lack of significantly cold temperatures) lasts from October to February. When March comes along, the state begins to see its hot and dry period, which continues on through early June. Finally, from late June to early September, West Bengal falls under its monsoon season. In terms of lifestyle choices, the monsoon season makes the largest impact on West Bengal life, because the strength of the monsoon rains has a sizeable impact on the quantity and varieties of harvested crops.

Location :

Location in northeast India, West Bengal is bounded north by Sikkim and Bhutan east by Assam and Bangladesh, South by the Bay of Bengal and Orissa, west by Bihar and Jharkhand, and northwest by Nepal.

Culture :

A great majority of the people in West Bengal is Bengali. In fact, about 85% speak Bengali, but small tribal populations, like the Santhals and Oraon of the plains and the Lepchas and Bhotias of the Himalayas, also call the state home. This strong Bengali presence is what prevails in nearly every facet of West Bengal's culture. Above all, the signature of Bengali art is its delicate touch and requirement of keen observation. India has become familiar with the leather goods of West Bengal and their subtle stitch patterns. Terracotta pottery, another Bengali creation, is also a perfect example of delicate art now in demand around world. In much the same way, Bengali music underwent a significant popularity boom. Relatively young compared to most Indian music, Bengali music only began developing significantly 200 years ago. Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul Geeti fostered this growth. Prayer festivals tend to be the most important observances of the Bengali year. Saraswati Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Kali Puja and Janmashtami all include special celebratory festivities. However, the most important festival in West Bengal is the Durga Puja. Celebrations last for seven days, and preparations begin months in advance. An essential part of this preparation includes every person acquiring new clothes for the puja.

History :

Bengal has a glorious past. It played a prominent part in the history, both in the ancient and the medieval ages. The British established their foothold in India from here in the battle of Plassey in 1757. The partition of the country in 1947 divided Bengal into two parts, East Bengal and West Bengal. The Muslim majority districts of East Bengal, consisting of the Chittagong and Dacca Divisions and some other Muslim-majority districts became what was then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and rest came to be known as West Bengal and became a constituent of the Indian union. The territory of Cooch Behar was merged with West Bengal on January 1, 1950 and the former French possession of Chandernagore became part of the State on October 2, 1954. Under the States Reorganisation Act, 11956, certain portions of Bihar State were also transferred to West Bengal.

Economy :

Thanks to the help of special irrigation systems, agriculture helps maintain the entire economy of West Bengal. Farming production is highest in jute, tea, legumes, oilseeds, barley, corn, tobacco, and sugarcane. Industry has also made a cozy home for itself in the state. Durgapur and Burnpur each house major steel production plants, and the textile, automobile, bicycle, paper, pharmaceutical, chemical, timber processing, ceramic, and leather production industries are thriving.

States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories - Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Capital : Port Blair
Principal Language : Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi, Tamil, Nicobarese, English

Largest City : Port Blair

Establishment : 1956-11-01

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Major Cities : Port Blair

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Climate :

The climate of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is described as Tropical Climate. The Islands are situated in the Hot or Torrid Zone. Nearly 86 percent of total area in these Islands is covered by forest. There are only two seasons viz. Rainy Season and Summer Season and virtually there is no Winter Season. Islands are visited by South West and North - East monsoons during the period from May to December. Average annual rainfall in these Islands is 3000 mm. The period from January to April is Summer Season. The mean relative humidity is 79% The mean maximum temperature is 30.2oC and mean minimum temperature is 23.8°C.

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The mainland is connected by ship and air. Ships regularly ply between Port Blair, the capital, and Kolkata(1255 Km) and Madras (1190 Km) and Vishakhapatnam (1200 Km). Indian airlines operates Airlines between Port Blair and Kolkata and Chennai. Many of the inhabited islands are connected by ferry services

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Useful Links
The Andman Association
Travel Port Blair

States and Union Territories of India

Union Territories - Chandigarh

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States and Union Territories of India

Rajasthan

Capital : Jaipur
Principal Languages : Hindi and Rajasthani

Geography :

With Punjab and Haryana to the northeast, Uttar Pradesh to the east, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, and Gujarat to the southwest, Rajasthan shares a long border with its western neighbor of Pakistan. The harsh, unforgiving, arid Thar Desert takes up a large portion of Rajasthan and stretches into Pakistan. Much of what is not desert in Rajasthan is hilly. Across the state, one also witnesses the change from desert to wet, fertile land.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Ajmer (Dargah of Khwaja Moinn-ud-Din Chishti, Mayo college, Pushkar ), Alwar (Sariska Tiger Sanctuary), Banswara, Barmer, Bharatpur (historic fort, Keoladeo Ghana Bird sanctuary) Bhilwara, Bikaner (a desert city), Known for 16th century Lalgarh Palace built by Raja Rai Singh), Bundi, Chittorgarh (founded by great Rajput resistance hero, Bappa Rawal in 734 AD was centre of Rajput resistance against Mughal rule, Famous for Chittor Fort, Kirti Stambha [Tower of Fame ], Jai Stambha [Tower of Victory] Meena Temple, Rana Kumbba Palace), Churu, Dholpur, Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Jaipur (pink rose capital city of the State, known for Maharaja Palace, Hawa Mahal [Palace of Winds], Jantar Mantra Observatory, Museum and Ram Niwas Garden; the 17th century old Palace of Amber is located 11 km from here), Jaisalmer, Jalor, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhur ( a city of seven gates, Guland Sagar Lake, Hall of Heros), Kota, Mount Abu ( bill resort, Known for Dilwara Temples ( sacred to Jains), Nagaur, Nathdwara (12th century temple dedicated to Lord Krishna ), Pali, Sariska (wildlife sanctuary), Sawai Madhopur , Sikar, Sirohi, Tonk, Udaipur (founded by King of Mewar Maharana Udai Singh , it is known as "City of Sunrise " and Venice of the East ", Fateh Sagar Lake, Lake Picchola, Raj Mahal, Jag Mandir Palace, Jag Nivas Palace ).

Climate :

Though the southwest portion of Rajasthan receives a healthy amount of rainfall, the state is one of driest regions in India. Southwestern Rajasthan, with its tropical climate, receives about 26 inches (65 cm) of rainfall each year, but arid western Rajasthan only receives about 4 inches (10 cm) annually. Whether desert or fertile, all of Rajasthan shares one common trait: heat. Rajasthan's summer keeps temperatures anywhere between 77 F and 115 F (25 C-46 C). The winter only pushes temperatures down to the 46 F - 82 F (8 C - 28 C) range, certainly a relief but hardly a chill.

Location :

Located in north - west India, Rajasthasn is bounded north by Punjab, north -east by haryana and Uttar Pradesh, east by Madhya pradesh, south by Gujarat and west by Pakistan. Rajasthan is the largest State of the Indian union in terms of its size.

Culture :

Rajasthan contains a wide variety of peoples, each with their own traditions. The Rajputs have a proud warlike ancestry; the Bejaras live as traveling tradesmen and artisans; the Gadia Lohars customarily produce farming and household tools; the Bhilis are recognized as being highly skilled archers; the Rabaris traditionally live as cattle breeders. Like cattle breeding or archery, artistic customs have become trademarks of certain peoples of Rajasthan. The Bhopas are a group of singing priests, and the Bhat are well known as puppeteers. The Kalbelias and Kanjars pursue musical callings and have helped to create art that is now considered truly Rajasthani. Classical music forms like khayal and dhrupad are common, but the unique, semi-classical singing form known as maand is also a mainstay of Rajasthani music. The state's Hindu heritage has made religious festivals the major celebrations of the year, but areas of Rajasthan have their own special celebrations that help weave the rich tapestry of culture. Every January, the people of Bikaner celebrate the Camel Festival. Jaipur sees the celebration of the Elephant Festival. In February, one can go to Jaisalmer and witness the festivities of the Desert Festival. As unified statesmen, all the peoples of Rajasthan rejoice in March's Gangaur Festival.

History :

Rajasthan was preciously known as Rajputana the land of Raiputs whose history goes back to the pre - historic times. The Indus Valley Civilisation also flourished here and many ruins of Harappan age have been located in the State. The legendary heroes of medieval ages like Rana Sanga and Maharana Pratap always inspire us with feelings of patriotism but during the 19th century, all Rajput States accepted the suzerainty of the British. After Independence, as a result of the implementation of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the erstwhile state of Ajmer, Abu Taluka of Bombay State and the Sunel Tappa enclave of the former State of Madhya Bharat were transferred to the State of Rajasthan on November 1, 1956, whereas the Sironj sub - division of Rajasthan was transferred to the state of Madhya Pradesh. The State now comprises of 32 districts.

Economy :

Naturally, the state has many mineral based industries as well as textile production and chemical processing. As with all Indian states, Rajasthan also has intense activity in agriculture, particularly the growing of rice, barley, corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco.

States and Union Territories of India

Sikkim

Capital : Gangtok
Principal Languages : Nepali (Official), Bhotia, Lepcha, English

Geography :

Deeply entrenched in the Himalayan Mountain Range, the mountainous state Sikkim has virtually no flat land. With Tibet on its north and northeast, Bhutan on its east, West Bengal on its south, and Nepal on its west, Sikkim boasts Mount Kanchanjunga, the third largest mountain in the world. Within the state, the mountains rise sharply northward, and the rivers flow to the south, creating magnificent sites along the countryside

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Bankhim Natural Garden changu Lake, Dubdi monastery), Gangtok (capital nine mid-1800s, previous capitals were at Yuksam and Rabdantse; one can have excellent views of the entire Kanchenjunga range from any point in the vicinity), Gyalshing, Mangan, Namchi, Pemayantse (monastery), Phodang (monastery), Tashiding (monastery), Rumtek (monastery), Tashi View Point (picnic spot where a panoramic view of Kanchenjunga can be had), Yuksam (meeting place of the great Lamas).

Climate :

Thanks to its varying altitudes, the tiny state of Sikkim contains four major climate zones: tropical from sea level to 5,328 feet (1,624 meters) above sea level, temperate between 5,328 feet and 13,852 feet (1,624 - 4,222 meters), alpine from 13,852 feet to 17,218 feet (4,222 - 5,248 meters), and snowbound at higher elevations. Despite such staggering altitudes, temperatures can rise fairly high in the summer, especially in valleys, and the monsoon season (late June - early September) brings seemingly continuous rains. In total the state sees about 200 inches (5,000 mm) of rain annually.

Location :

Location in the Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim is bounded north by Tibet (China), east by Tibet and Bhutan, south by West Bengal and west by Nepal. It is the least populated State of the Indian Union.

Culture :

Four major ethnic groups compose Sikkim's population. There are the Nepalis (who make up roughly 75% of the population), the Lepchas (who make up about 20 % of the country), the Bhutias, and the Limbus. With significant minority populations, one would think that turmoil and unrest plague the state, but the peoples of Sikkim live in harmony and have come to create one culture. They are even unified by a main language, Nepali. Despite Hinduism being the dominant religion, Buddhism plays a major role in Sikkim custom. People generally have great faith in the Buddha, his teachings, and Buddhism's religious texts. Typically, prayer flags fly at village boundaries in order to fight off evil spirits. Many festivals focus on birth, enlightenment, and the Buddha's attainment of nirvana. Sikkim craft provides some of the most intriguing and practical pieces in the world. Choksees, a native craft, are short wooden tables with extravagant designs. Its most interesting facet is that it can easily be collapsed for transport between homes. The main attraction of the state, however, is the woolen carpet. Made with complicated patterns, the carpets use the brilliant colors of local vegetation and are made from pure sheep wool. They are by far, one of the most impressive products of Sikkim culture.

History :

Sikkim became a full-fledged state of the Indian Union with effect from April 26, 1975. Earlier in September 1974, it became an associate State. The Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution on April 10, 1975 abolishing the institution of Chogyal and seeking for the territory full statehood in the Indian Union. Sikkim is inhabited chiefly by the Lepchas, who are a tribe indigenous to Sikkim with their own dress and language, the Bhutias, who originally came from Tibet, and the Gorkhalis (Nepalis), who entered from Nepal in large numbers in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Economy :

The state government of Sikkim is pushing to boost industrial production in various industries, like carpet weaving, hydroelectric power, and food processing. This is an attempt to shed Sikkim's official label as an "industrially backward area." In spite of rich deposits of copper, lead, zinc, and other minerals, Sikkim is an agrarian society. Crop production centers on rice, corn, wheat, potato, cardamom, ginger, and oranges.

States and Union Territories of India

Tamil Nadu

Capital : Chennai
Principal Languages : Tamil
Largest City : Chennai
Establishment : 1967-07-18

Districts :

Chennai | Coimbatore | Cuddalore | Dharmapuri | Dindigul | Erode | Kanchipuram | Kanyakumari | Karur | Krishnagiri | Madurai | Nagapattinam | Namakkal | Perambalur | Pudukkottai | Ramanathapuram | Salem | Sivaganga | Thanjavur | The Nilgiris | Theni | Thoothukudi | Tiruchirapalli | Tirunelveli | Tiruvallur | Tiruvannamalai | Tiruvarur | Vellore | Viluppuram | Virudhunagar

Major Cities :

Alandur | Avadi | Ambattur | Chennai | Coimbatore | Cuddalore | Dindigul | Erode | Kancheepuram | Kumbakonam | Madurai | Nagercoil | Neyveli | Pallavaram | Pudukkottai | Rajapalayam | Salem | Tiruchirapalli | Tirunelveli | Nagercoil | Tambaram | Thoothukudi | Tiruppur | Tiruvannamalai | Thanjavur | Tiruvottiyur | Vellore

Geography :

India's eleventh largest state, Tamil Nadu, is located in extreme southern India. Bordered by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on the north, Tamil Nadu has a long eastern coastline along the Bay of Bengal that turns into a southern coastline on the Indian Ocean. With Kerala on its west, Tamil Nadu is made up of five geographic regions: the Kurinji (mountain region), the Mullai (forest region), the Palai (arid region), the Marudham (fertile plains), and the Neidhal (coastal region).

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place

Anamalai (wild Lift Sanctuary), Chennai (earlier name Madras, Fort Street George and St. Mary's Church, Gandhi Mandapam, Tapaleeswarar Temple, Marina Beach, Aquarium, Parthasarathy Temple, San Thome Cathedral, Fort Museum. Snake Park, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Guindy Wild Life Sanctuary, Vandalur Zoolgical Park), Chidambaram (abode of Nataraja (the "Dancing Shiva"), temples of Dravidian architecture), Chithannavasal (monument centre), Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Elagiri (hill station), Erode, Hogenakkal (hill station), Kalakad (Wild Life Sanctuary), Kancheepuram (the "Golden City" known for silk industry was successively capital of City" known for silk industry was successively capital of the Pallavas, the cholas and the kings of Vijayanagar, known for the seventh century temples), Kanyakumari (earlier known as Cape Comorin, sacred place of Hindus, impressive memorial of Swami. Vivekananda), Kazhugumalai (monument centre), Madurai (Meenakshi Temple, Tirumalai Nayak Temple, rock-cut temple at Tiruparankundram), Mahabalipuram (also known as Mamalapuram, Famous beach and solid rock monuments), Moovarkoil (monument centre), Nagoor (monument center), Mundanthuri (Wild Life Sanctuary), Mudumalai (wild Life Sanctuary), Nagapattinam, Nagercoil, Narthamalai (monument centre), Ootacamund [Udhagamandalam] (hill resort), Papanasam (hill station), Point Calimere (Bird Sanctuary), Pudukkotai), Singanallur sivagangai, Srirangam (monument centre), Suruli (water falls), Thanjavur (capital of Chola emperors during 10th to 14th centuries AD, Brihadeeswara Temple), (monument centre), Tiruvannamalai (monument centre), Vellore, Virudhunagar, Yercaud (hill station).

Climate :

April and May are the hottest months of this tropical state's year. In these months, the weather can soar all the way up to about 104ºF (40ºC). Even the coast sees warm summer temperatures, but receives a cooling sea breeze each night. Obviously, the winter does not bring Tamil Nadu a freeze. Temperatures rarely drop below about 70ºF (21.1ºC) anywhere besides high in the hills. Winter also brings monsoon rains from October to December.

Location :

Location is South India; Tamil Nadu is bounded north by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, East by the Bay of Bengal, south by the Indian Ocean and west by Kerala.

Culture :

Within the state, an established caste system exists and is more strictly followed than in most other parts of India. Many people wear a white mark on their forehead as an indication of the caste to which they belong. Additionally, Gypsies have held a long lasting position in Tamil culture, and the Badaga, Kota, and Toda tribes inhabit the Niligri Hills. Besides, castes and Gypsies, Tamil culture conjures up thoughts of music and dance. The state is the birthplace of Carnatic music and Bharatnatyam. One of the most highly treasured Indian classical dance forms, Bharatnatyam was originally the dance of young women in the temples of Mahabalipuram. These temples themselves are also amazing art forms. Each one contains extensive stone carvings that are a cornerstone of Tamil art. The countryside is dotted with various sites known for their own particular craft, such as the paintings of Tanjore, the mats of Pattamadai, and woodcarvings of Chettiand. Tamil art has also found its way into Tamil celebrations. Dolls are often made in preparation of the Navratri celebrations, but the main festival of Tamil is Pongal. Celebrated in January, Pongal marks the harvest and brings feasts, music, and dance to the state. January is also the time of the Thaipusam festivial, in which individuals ritually bathe. Many more festivals fill up the Tamil calendar.

History :

The history of Tamil Nadu goes back to the age of the sangams when a great civilisation flourished reaching new heights in the fields, of art, literature and occultism. During the medieval ages, it proudly preserved the heritage of the nation unperturbed by the ravages of the Muslim inroads in Northern India. The first trading establishment made by the British in the Madras State was at Peddapali (now Nizampatnam) in 1611 and then at Mazulipatnam. In 1639, the English were permitted to make a settlement at the place which is now Madras and Fort St. George was founded. By 1801, the whole of the territory from the Northen Circars to Cape Comorin (with the exception of certain French and Danish settlements) had been brought under British rule. Under the provisions of the States Reorgainisation Act, 1965, the Malabar district (excluding the islands of Laccadive and Minicoy) and the Kasaragod taluk of south Kanara district were transferred to the new State of Kerala; the South Kanara district (excluding Kasaragod taluk of the Coimbatore district were transferred to the new State of Mysore; and the Kollegal taluk of the Coimbatore district were transferred to the new State of Mysore; and the Laccadive Amindivi and Minicoy Island were constituted as a separate Union Territory. Four taluks of the Thiruvananthapuram district and the shencottah taluk of Quilon district were transferred from Travancore- Cochin to the new Madras State. On April 1,1960, an area of 1,049 sq km (405 sq miles) from Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh was transferred to Madras in exchanger for 845 sq km (326 sq miles) from the Chingleput and Salem districts. In January 1969, the State was renamed Tamil Nadu.

Economy :

70% of Tamil Nadu's population leads an agrarian life, producing vital food crops like rice, corn, and legumes. Tamil farmers also produce major cash crops, including cotton, sugarcane, coffee, tea, rubber, and chilies. Given these crops and major limestone, magnetite, mica, and quartz deposits, industry in Tamil Nadu has centered around very specific goods: textiles, fertilizers, paper, steel, and automobile parts. Tamil Nadu is also a major producer of leather and leather goods.

States and Union Territories of India

Tripura

Capital : Agartala
Principal Languages : Bengali, Tripuri, Hindi, English

Geography :

Almost completely hidden away from the rest of the world, the tiny state of Tripura is one of the least publicized states in India. With Assam to its north and Mizoram to its east, the state is surrounded by Bangladesh on all other sides and has remained secluded from much of the world. Northern Tripura consists of alternating hills and valleys, while southern Tripura is a large open spread of forestland.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Agartala (capital city) has Ujjayana Place, Jagannath Temple, Laxmi Narayan Temple, Uma Maheswari Temple, Benuban Vihar, State Museum, Bhunaveswari Temple, Brahmakanda, Dumbor Lake, Jumpui Hill, Kailashshahr, Kamalasagar, Matabiri, Nirmahal (lake palace), Rabindra Kanan, Sepahijala, Tripurasundari Temple, Trishna Wild Sanctuary, Udai pur, Unakoti.

Climate :

Tripura's climate is simply categorized by hot summers and cool winters. Over the course of a year, the state will see temperatures anywhere between 50 F and 90 F (10 C - 35 C). Tripura's weather is dominated by rain. On average the state receives about 82 inches (210 cm) of rain each year, with Kamalpur receiving about 112 inches (285.5 cm) a year. Even the driest region of the state, Sonamura, receives roughly 71 inches (181 cm) of rainfall annually.

Location :

Tripura is bounded on the north, west and south by Bangladesh and on the northeast by Assam and Mizoram.

Culture :

Tribal life is a mainstay for much of Tripura. In total, there are 19 tribal communities living in the state, as well as large Bengali and Manipuri populations. Originally, the tribes of Tripura lived off the land, particularly the jungles, but over time more ethnic groups flowed into the state. With this inflow of new peoples, an organized lifestyle emerged in the state. Marriage between different ethnicities and castes has helped to build diversity and unity in the state. In keeping with tribal traditions, characteristic art of the state is very raw and natural. Both men and women typically wear hand-woven clothes. Bamboo and cane furniture from Tripura are quite popular, and products made from the palm leaf are very common as well. Similarly, music and dance of the state has a tribal quality to it. Most dances relate to the agricultural life of the tribe. The Garia Dance signifies the cultivation of certain plants, and the Lebang Boomani Dance marks the monsoon season. The existence of so many different tribal groups also means that many different holidays and festivals are celebrated depending on the region of the state. For example, only the Mog tribe celebrates the Way Festival. However, Hinduism does bind most people together, and major Hindu observances, like Diwali, are found throughout the state. Other special celebrations, such as the Boat Race Festival, the Orange Festival, and the Tourism Festival, flourish statewide as well.

History :

The history of Tripura goes back to the epic age of the Mahabharata and the Puranas. A Hindu State of great antiquity, having been ruled by the Maharajas for over two on October 15, 1949. With the reorganisation of States on September 1,1956, Tripura became a Union Territory. It became a full-fledged State on January 21,1972

Economy :

Industrial strength in Tripura is greatly underdeveloped. Though natural gas, fruit processing, rubber goods production, handicraft goods, and textiles are growing industries, they are not major contributors to the economy. Tourism is actually the main industry of the state, and industry in total only employs about 5% of the state. Agricultural strength, particularly in horticulture, is the backbone of the state economy. Pineapples, oranges, cashews, coconuts, tea, cotton, and rubber are the major cash crops grown. Moreover, livestock raising and fishing provide a sizeable income for Tripura.

States and Union Territories of India

Uttar Pradesh

Capital : Lucknow
Principal Languages : Hindi (Official), Urdu (Official), English (Official)
Geography :

The fourth largest state in physical size, Uttar Pradesh sits in northern India; it is bounded by Uttaranchal and Nepal on the north, Bihar on the east, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh on the south, and Haryana, Delhi, and Rajasthan on the west. Uttar Pradesh is typically divided into four geographic regions: the Uttar Pradesh Himalayas, the Shivalik Hills, the Gangetic Plain, and the north peninsula.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Agra (world famous Taj Mahal, Sikandara, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri), Aligarh (formerly known as Koil, this ancient city has traces of Buddhist and Hindu temples; now famous for aligarh Muslim University), Allahabad (earlier known as Prayag (meaning a place of sacrifice), it is near the confluence of rivers Ganga and Yamuna, it is an ancient Hindu Pilgrimage city), Ayodhya (birthplace of Lord Rama and important pilgrimage centre), Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia, Bareilly (former capital of the region known as Rohilkhand), Bithur, Budaun, Bulandshahr, Deoria, Devgarh, Eta, Etawah (important town during Mughal period), Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehgarh, Fatehpur Sikri (deserted sandstone e city located near Agra, Dargah of Sheikh Salim Chisti), Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur,Gonda, Gorakhpur (Gorakhnath temple; Geeta Press publishing Hindu religious literature), Hamirpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, (historical Place; famous for Jhansi fort; transit point for Khajuraho), Kannauj (once a mighty Hindu city, it was raided by Mahmud of Ghazni; here Humayun city, it was raided by Mahmud of Ghazni; here Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah in1540),kanpur (sometimes called the 'Manchester of India' is an important industrial town; city was earlier known as'Cawnpore'), Kheri, Lalitpur, Lucknow (named after Lakshman, Younger brother of Lord Rama, the hero of the famous epic "Ramayana", the city stands on river Gomati; known for Bara Imambara, Mainpuri, Mathura (situated on the banks of river Yamuna, place of Hindu pilgrimage and birth place of Lord Krishna), Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Orai, Pilibhit, Pratapgparh, Prayag (known for the confluence of river Ganga and Yamuna), Rae Bareli, Rampur, Robertsganj, Saharanpur, Sarnath [major Buddhist centre (here Buddha gave his first sermon); known for Deer Park, Dhamekh Stupa, Dharmarajika Stupa and Ashoka Pillar], Shahjahanpur,Siddharth Nagar, Sitapur, Sultanpur, Unao, Varanasi (Hindu Pilgrimage town located on the banks of Ganga, Benaras Hindu University, Bharat Mata Temple, Durga Temple, Gyanvapi Mosque, Alamgir Mosque, Sarnath, Tulsi Manas Temple, Vishwanath Temple, New Vishwanath Temple), Vindhyachal (Place of pilgrimage).

Climate :

Almost all of Uttar Pradesh experiences a tropical monsoon climate. Only the far northern parts of the state and other parts high on mountains see otherwise. On the plains, temperatures sit between the low 50s and low 60s (12.5 C - 17.5 C) in January. By May, the mercury has jumped up into the 80s (27.5 C - 32.5 C). Rain in the state sees significant variations depending on location. Western Uttar Pradesh sees about 30 inches (80 cm) of rain each year, but the eastern part of the state sees up to 78 inches (200 cm) of rainfall annually.

Location :

Uttar Pradesh is bounded by Uttarachal and Nepal in north, Madhya pradesh and Chattisgarh in south, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi in west and Bihar and Jharkhand in east.

Culture :

Nearly every cottage industry trade has been moved into some sort of large-scale production in Uttar Pradesh, but their domestic roots have not been destroyed. Traditional handicrafts are still a major part of the Uttar Pradesh lifestyle. Garments, stonework, dolls, leather goods, musical instruments, papier-m??and goods made from horns, bone, cane, and bamboo are all very popular. The centers of production for these crafts are all well known for specializing and perfecting their respective trade. Bhadohi and Mirzapur are well known carpet-producing centers. Varanasi silk is a highly prized good. Embroidery work in the chickan fashion is at its peak in Lucknow. The list goes on and on and includes work in ebony goods, glassware, woodwork, pottery, and ceramics. Ancient Sanskrit texts speak of the rich music and dance in the region. Much of India's musical tradition emerged from the state; the classical dance style Kathak originated in 18th century Uttar Pradesh temples. Kathak is now the most popular classical dance in north India. Festivals and fairs fill up the state's calendar. Some of these celebrations have a large, statewide following while others are local to single villages. One of the most important festivals in the state, Navratri lasts nine days and celebrates the consort of the Hindu god Shiva. Other large observances are Diwali and Holi. The Holi festivities at Barsana include a tradition in which women challenge men to throw paint on them.

History :

Uttar Pradesh is the heart of India whose history goes back to the Vedic Age. Two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and great religions-Buddhism and jainism were born and flourished here. In the medieval ages, great muslim empires were established in this region. It played a prominent role in India's first war of Independence in 1857. The Britishers gave it the name of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1935 the name was shortened to "United Provinces". After Independence, the States of Rampur, Banaras and Tehri-Garhwal were merged with United Provinces. The name merged with United Provinces. The name of the United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh in 1950.

Economy :

Agriculture is the supporting leg of Uttar Pradesh's economy. Thanks to new crop seeds, more available fertilizer, and better irrigation, Uttar Pradesh has become India's largest producer of food grains, specializing in rice, wheat, barely, and millet. Industry also plays a vital role in the economy, as it employs about one third of the state population in the textile and sugar refining sectors alone. Major machinery and electronic production projects are also under way

States and Union Territories of India

Punjab

Capital : Chandigarh
Principal Languages : Punjabi (Official)

Geography :

The fertile Punjab has proven itself successful in a political hot zone. Having Jammu and Kashmir to its north, Himachal Pradesh to its northeast, Haryana to its south, Rajasthan to its southwest, and Pakistan to its west, the state is blessed with fertile soil. The Indus, Ravi, and Ghaggar Rivers and their tributaries flow towards the southeast across the state, replenishing the soil and creating a useful canal system. The rolling hills of northeastern Punjab sit at the foot of the Himalayan Mountains.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place

Amritsar (Golden Temple, Durgiana Temple, Jallianwala Bagh), Anandpur Rao), Bhakra Dam, Faridkot, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Nangal Dam, Pathankot, Patiala, Ropar (famous for ruins of Harappan city), Sangrur, Taran (Gurudwara in commemoration of Guru Ramdas) Climate :

Three major seasons make up Punjab's calendar: winter, summer, and the monsoon season. Winters last from October to March, and temperatures drop to fairly frosty levels (around 40ºF or 4.4ºC). During the summer, which lasts from April to June, the temperatures rise to very hot levels and have been known to go as high as 110ºF (43.3ºC). The monsoon season sees a slight drop off in temperature into simply warm levels and an onslaught of rains. Regions closer to mountains receive about 37.8 inches (96 cm) of rain from July to September; the plains receive about 22.8 inches (58 cm).

Location :

Punjab is bound by Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Rajasthan and Haryana in the south, Himachal Pradesh in the east and Pakistan in the west.

Culture :

One of Punjab's most treasured traditions is the art known as phullkari (flowering). The craft involves creating flowery designs and surfaces using the very basic tools of a needle and silk thread. Needless to say, it also requires a great deal of skill. Craftsmen are well known for creating artistic bedspreads and floor coverings. Punjabi craftsmanship has also been put into the creation of pidhis (special stools), colorful leather jootis (shoes or slippers), and dolls. Punjab's dominant Sikh population has even had an effect on the celebrations of Hindus, and Muslims in the state. The festival of Baisakhi signifies the start of the harvesting season, but it also commemorates the organization of the Sikh order of the Khalsa by the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind. In fact, throughout the year Sikhs celebrate Gurpurabs, which honor the Gurus of the religion. The two largest ones pay respect to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism (celebrated between October and November), and Guru Govind Singh (celebrated between December-January). Dining habits in Punjab vary with the season of the year. Winter cuisine's signature dish is sarson-ka-saag (mustard leaves) with white butter. This dish typically comes with roti and yogurt. Punjab is also known for rajma (a kidney bean dish). Punjabi cuisine's distinguishing trait is its abundant, some might say excessive, use of malai (cream), paneer (cottage cheese), and curds.

History :

Punjab is the sword-arm of India. The Vedic civilisation got its birth and the great vedas were composed ion the banks of its five rivers. During the medieval ages, it decided the fate of various ruling dynasties of the country. After the downfall of the Mughals and the Marathas, Ranjit Singh established in Punjab a strong state based on patriotism and secularism. The English captured Punjab in 1849. It was constituted as an autonomous province of India in 1937. On attainment of Independence, the province was partitioned between India and Pakistan into East Punjab and West Punjab respectively, under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the boundaries being determined under the Radcliffe Award. The name of East Punjab was changed Punjab under the Constitution of India. On November 1,1956 the erstwhile State of Patiala and East Punjab to form the State of Punjab. On November 1, 1966, under the Punjab reorgaisation Act, 1966, the State was reconstituted as a Punjabi-speaking State Comprising the Districts of Gurdaspur (excluding Dalhousie), Amritsar, kapurthala, Jalandhar, Ferozepur, Bathinda, Patiala and Ludhiana, parts of Sangrur, Hosphiarpur and Ambala districts, and parts of Kharar tehsil. The remaining area comprising as area of 46,620 sq km (18,000sq miles) and an estimated (1967) population of 8.5 million was shared Himachal Pradesh. The existing capital of Chandigarh was made the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana.

Economy :

Punjab is a largely agrarian economy, specializing in wheat and rice. Additionally, the state grows corn, legumes, cotton, and sugarcane. Buffalo, other cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry are the main types livestock raised. Industry exists largely in metals, textiles, yarn, sporting goods, hand tools, and bicycles, but electronics and pharmaceuticals are rapidly growing sectors.

States and Union Territories of India

Orissa

Capital : Bhubaneswar
Principal Languages : Oriya

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Balasore, Baripada, Beharmpur, Bhawani-patna, Bhubaneswar (temple city known for Lingaraja Temple), Bolangir, Chattarpur, Chilka Lake (Kalijai Temple is located inside the lake), Cuttack Lake Dhenkanal, Keonjhar, Konark (Black Pagoda-Sun Temple built by Narasingha Dev of Ganga Dynasty), Koraput, Nandankanam (Zoological park), Phulbani, Puri (lord Jagannath Temple and beautiful seabeach; also known for the Car Festival), Rourkela, Sambalpur, Sundargarh.

Places of tourist importance :

Dhauli Buddhist temple, Udayagiri-Khandagiri ancient caves, Ratnagiri-Lalitgiri and Udayagiri, Buddhist images and ancient caves, Saptasajya scenic view of hill beds. Similipal National Park and Tiger Project, Hirakud Dam, Duduma Waterfall, Ushakothi Wildlife Sanctuary, Gopalpur Sea Beach, Harishankar, Nrusinghanath, Taratarini, Taptapani, Bhitarkanika and Bhimakunda Kapilash are famous places. Hirakud Dam across the turbulent Mahanadi river is the biggest single dam constructed in the country.

Location :

Location in eastern India, Orissa is bounded north by Jharkhand, Northeast West Bengal, east by the Bay of Bengal, south by Andhra Pradesh and west by Chhattisgarh.

History :

Orissa, the land of Oriyas, was known as Kalinga in ancient ages. Ashoka conquered it in 261 BC with the horrible bloodshed which converted him into a pacifist and a Buddhist monk. On his death, Kalinga recovered its freedom and rose to great heights under Kharavla. It came to be ruled by the Hindu dynasty until its conquest by the Mughals in 1592. Alivardi Khan, Nawab of Bengal ceded it to the Marathas in 1751 from whom the East India Company snatched it in 1803. In 1803, a board of two commissioners was appointed to administer the province, but in 1805 it was designated the district of Cuttack and was placed in charge of a collector, judge and magistrate In 1829, it was split up into three regulation districts of Cuttack, Balasore and Puri, and the non-regulation tributary states which were administered by their own chiefs under the aegis of the British Government. Augul, one of these tributary states, was annexed in 1847 and with the Khonbdmals, ceded in 1835 by the tributary chief of the Boudh state, constituted a separate no0n-regulation tributary states which were administered by their own annexed in 11847 and with the Khondmals, ceded in 1835 by the tributary chief of the Boudh state, constituted a separate non-regulation districts formed an outlying tract of the Bengal Presidency till 1912 when they were transferred to Bihar, constituting one of its divisions under a commissioner. Orissa division. The rules of 25 Orison states surrendered all jurisdiction and authority to the government Jurisdiction and authority to the Government of India on January 1, 1948, on which date the provincial Government took over the administration. The administration of two states, viz., Saraikella and Kharswan, was transferred to the Government with the Dominion Government, Mayurbhanj state was finally merged with the province in January 1,1949. By the States Merger (Governor's provinces) Order, 1949, the states were completely merged with the State of Orissa on August 19,1949.

Economy :

The main occupation of sixty four percent of the people of Orissa is agriculture. The important crops are rice, pulses, oilseeds, jute, mesta, sugarcane, coconut and turmeric. Forests cover about 43 percent of the area of the state. Iron ore, manganese ore, limestone, dolomite chromite, non-coking coal, bauxite, graphite, china clay, nickel ore, fire clay and mineral sands are among the important minerals of Orissa. The major mineral-based industries of the State are the Rourkela steel plant, a pig iron plant at Barbil and a ferrochrome plant at Jaipur Road, two ferro-manganese plants, a ferro-silicon plant and an aluminum smelter plant.

States and Union Territories of India

Nagaland

Capital : Kohima
Principal Languages : Nagamese (Official), English (Official), Ao, Sema, Konyak

Geography :

One of India's smallest states, Nagaland sits on the far eastern edge of northeast India. Bordered by Arunachal Pradesh on the north, Myanmar on the east, Manipur on the south, and Assam on the west, Nagaland is a hilly state of high mountains, deep gorges, lush valleys, and winding streams. The dominant geographic feature of the landscape is the Naga Hills, which run all the way through the state and contribute to the mountainous terrain

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Kohima, Mokokchung, Mon, Phek, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunhoboto.

Climate :

Nagaland's mountainous terrain also has a profound effect on the state's climate. During the winter months (October - February), temperatures range from about 39ºF to 75ºF (4ºC - 24ºC); summer months (March - June) bring temperatures up into the 60ºF - 90ºF (16ºC - 31ºC) range. Filling the gap between those months, the monsoon season sees heavy rains and temperatures slightly cooler than the summer. That majority of the states annual 98 inches (250 cm) of rain falls during this time.

Location :

Situated in the extreme northeast of the country, Nagaland is bound by Arunachal Pradesh in the north, Manipur in the south, Myanmar in the east and Assam in the west.

Culture :

Nagaland is made up of over 20 tribes, the largest being the Konyaks, then the Aos, Tangkhuls, Semas, and Angamis. Over time, the tribes remained relatively isolated from each other, and even today do not view themselves as one unified people. Despite this, the many tribes do share common cultural characteristics that help to create the loose, generic "Nagaland culture". Naga craftsmanship has been perfected in the creation of utility pieces and tools. People all around India know Nagaland as the producer of fine shawls, complicated bamboo and cane furniture, powerful machetes, beads, and woodcarvings. Tribal outfits take this craftsmanship to higher levels with the use of colorful cloths, bearskin-covered bamboo shields, and decorated spears. Making use of mainly the drum and the flute, Naga music plays a major role in daily life and helps pass on legends and traditions to younger generations. Occasionally accompanied with slow, rhythmic dancing, the music helps in the celebrations of Nagaland's colorful festivals. The Angami tribe's 10-day Sekrenyi marks the end of the agricultural cycle. April sees the celebration of Konyak Aoling, which celebrates the New Year. In celebrating such events, the Nagas dine on their typical spicy, non-vegetarian food. Raw chilly is a standard ingredient of Naga cuisine, and pork with bamboo shoot is common dish

History :

Nagaland was constituted by the Union Government in September 1962. It comprises the former Naga Hills district of Assam and the former Tuensang Frontier division of the North-East Frontier Agency; these had been made a centrally administered area in 1957, administered by the President through the governor of Assam. In January 1961, the area was renamed and given the status of a State of the Indian Union, which was officially inaugurated on December1, 1963.

Economy :

The vast majority of Nagaland's people are involved in agricultural work. Much like other natives of this part of the world, Nagas frequently engage in slash and burn farming, which has combined with increasing food demands to cause sever soil erosion. Thankfully, the state's forests, the most important source of income, have not been badly harmed. Since the 1970s, the state has been working on an intensive industrialization program to move away from the cottage industries of weaving, woodwork, and pottery, but the lack of raw materials, finances, power, and infrastructure has made the process difficult

States and Union Territories of India

Mizoram

Capital : Aizawl
Principal Languages : Mizo (Official), English (Official), Bengali, Lakherh

Geography :

Located on the far branch of northeast India, Mizoram touches Assam and Manipur on its north, Myanmar on its south and east, and Bangladesh and Tripura on its west. Stretching from north to south, the Mizo Hills cover most all of the tiny Indian state. In fact, most of the state is nearly 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) above sea level, with the highest peak being the magnificent 7,103 foot (2,165 meter) tall Blue Mountain. Furthermore, many major rivers (including the Sonai, Tlwanag, Kolodine, and Kamaphuli) carve the state.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Aizawl hilly city (religious and cultural centre of Mizo), Champhai (beautiful resort on the Myanmar border), Chhimtuipui, Lunglei, Saiha, Situal Forest around), Wantawng Fall (near hill station of Thenzawl).

Climate :

With the Tropic of Cancer running right across it, Mizoram enjoys a pleasant temperate climate. This is the result of the combining forces of its elevation and its geographic location on Earth. Helping keep temperatures at a comfortable level and maintain the mystic natural wonder of the state's gorges and mountains, Mizoram receives about 118 inches (300 cm) of rainfall each year. As with most Indian states, this rainfall is heaviest during the monsoon season.

Location :

One of the eastern-most States, Mizoram lies between Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma). Tripura, Assam and Manipur border is on the north.

Culture :

Experts believe that the original inhabitants of Mizoram originated from northwestern China, the culture that emerged is distinct to the state and its people. Tribal life dominates the existence of the Mizos, with the main tribes being the Lushais, Pawis, Paithes, Raltes, Pang, Himars, and Kukis. Each village has two centers of focus: the chief's house and the zawlbuk (the community house for the young, unmarried men of the village). The great majority of Mizos are Christians (mostly Protestant), but there are also Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim minorities. The Chakmas, a nomadic tribe of the state, practice a mix of Hinduism, Buddhism, and animism. Despite these variances and outside influences, there is a unifying Mizoram culture. For example, all Mizo tribes follow the traditional ethics code of tlawmngaihna, which states that every Mizo has the duty to be hospitable, kind, unselfish, and helpful to the disadvantaged. Mizos also celebrate many common holidays, though religious celebrations are the most festive. Chapchar Kut occurs after the clearing of jungles for cultivation of crops, Pawl Kut (December) marks the end of abundant grain harvests, and Mim Kut (after September's corn harvest) honors the dead. Celebrations typically include zealous merriment and dancing, like the bamboo dance called the Cheraw. Celebrations also include the traditional foods of the state. Mizo cuisine is unlike the rest of India in that it includes abundant meat consumption and contains few spices. Above all, the locally made wine plays a role in holiday festivities

History :

The Lushai Hills, sandwiched between Burma in the cast and south and Bangladesh in the west, was christened Mizoram when it became a Union Territory in 1972. By a Constitutional Amendment in 1986, the Union Government decided to confer full Statehood on Mizoram, which became the 23rd State of the Indian Union with effect from February 20, 11987.

Economy :

Roughly 75% of Mizoram's population is involved in agriculture. Traditional farming techniques involved an eight-year slash and burn cycle, but as populations grow and land becomes more scarce, use of this method and crop yields have diminished. The state's biggest crops are a special fibreless ginger, as well as rice, corn, mustard, sugarcane, sesame, and potatoes. With poorly developed infrastructure, the state has no major industries, only small-scale ones, including sericulture, handicrafts, furniture making, oil refining, grain milling, and ginger processing.

States and Union Territories of India

Meghalaya

Capital : Shilong
Principal Languages : Khasi,Garo,Jaintia

Geography :

The state of Meghalaya is in a rather peculiar position of far northeast India; it is only bordered by two regions: Assam (on the north and east) and Bangladesh (on the south and west). What is more, Meghalaya sits on somewhat of a throne 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) above sea level. A rolling plateau, with a dangerously steep south face, makes up the greatest portion of the state's geography. Within its tiny area on a severe earthquake prone zone, Meghalaya also contains a large bounty of lakes and waterfalls.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Kyllang Rock (near Shillong), Nartiang (near Shillong), Nohsangithinang Falls (at Mawasmai near Cherrapunjee), Shillong (beautiful spots such as Ward's Lake, Lady Hydari Park, Polo Ground, Mini Zoo, Elephant Falls and Shillong Peak and golf course), Uniam Lake (by the side of Shillong Guwahati road).

Climate :

In spite of its tropical location, Meghalaya enjoys a relatively cool climate, thanks to its elevation. However, this general statement overlooks the altitude changes across the state that affect climate. The Khasi and Jaintia hills enjoy a moderate climate all year long, however the Garo Hills experience much warmer and more humid conditions. The state on the whole does share heavy rainfall levels. The region of Cherrapunji, for example, receives an average of 450 inches (1143 cm) every year; it's the second wettest region in the world.

Location :

A landlocked territory of lovely hills with abounding sylvan beauty, Meghalaya (meaning "the abode of clouds") is bounded on the north by Goalpara, Kamrup and Karbianglog by the districts of Assam State, and on the east by the districts of Cachar and North Cachar Hills, also of the State of Assam. On the south and west is Bangladesh.

Culture :

The majority people of Meghalaya lead a tribal lifestyle. The Khasis, Jaintias, Garos, Khasis, Jaintias (all of Mongolian ancestry) and the Garos (of Tibeto-Burman ancestry) make up the largest portions of tribal peoples. Though these tribes each have different cultures, they all share a common peculiarity. Unlike the globally typical primogeniture system, these tribes have a traditional matriarchal law of inheritance, in which family property passes from mother to youngest daughter. Christianity's movement into the area put an end to many tribal traditions, practices, and festivals. Expectedly, Christian holidays make up most major celebrations in the area. However, most tribes have maintained some spiritual and ancestral observances commonly celebrated at harvest. The Khasi celebrate Ka Pomblang Nongkrem and Shad Sukmynsiem, the Jaintias celebrate Behdiengkhlam, and the Garo celebrate Wangala. These and all other social functions involve drinking, dancing, and music from buffalo horn singas, bamboo flutes, and drums. Meghalaya's most well known craft is the weaving of cane into objects of domestic utility, like mats, stools, and baskets. A very special cane mat, called the tlieng, lasts 20-30 years. Many tribes are also involved in the weaving of cloth, and the Khasis even manufacture metal tools, utensils, and weapons.

History :

The State was creates under the Assam Reorgaisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 and inaugurated on April 2, 1970 its status was that of a State within the State of Assam until January 21, 1972 when it became a full-fledged State of the Union. It consists of the former Garo Hills district and United Khasi and Jaintia Hills district of Assam. Cherrapunjee, 53km from Shillong, is noted for its heavy rainfall. The annual average is 10,871 millimetres which varies greatly, 22,987 millimetres were recorded in 1861 with a maximum precipitation in July of 9,296.40 millimetres. The heaviest rainfall in the world is recorded in the nearby village of Mawsynram with an amphitheatre relief and on the windward side of the monsoon.

Economy :

Despite being very well connected with roads, Meghalaya has few railroads, thus industrialization has been slow. Baking, furniture making, iron and steel fabrication, tailoring, knitting, and domestic industries dominate the market. The state is working to push additional industries like electronics, but farming remains the main way of life. The state produces rice and corn, as well as tropical and temperate fruits like oranges, pineapples, bananas, jackfruits, plums, pears, and peaches.

States and Union Territories of India

Manipur

Capital : Imphal
Principal Languages : Manipuri

Geography :

A relatively small state, Manipur sits as almost a literal pit of paradise. The center of the state is a low-lying basin, but high mountains reaching over 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) surround it. This fort-like positioning also means that the state is completely land locked. It is enclosed by Nagaland on the north, Myanmar on the east, Mizoram on the south, and Assam on the west.

Important Cities - Towns and Religious - Tourist Place :

Bishnupur, Chandel, Churachandpur (beautiful place inhabited by Kuki tribe), Imphal (Shri Govindajee Temple, War cemetries, Loktak Lake), Kaina, Keibul, khongiom, Lamjao (wildlife sanctuary), Khongamat (orchid yard), Mao (hill station), Moirang (known for the old love story of Khumba and Thoibi), Moreh (border town on IndoMyanmar road), Phubala, Senapati, Sendra, Tamenglong, Thoubal, Ukhrul, Waithou Lake

Climate :

With such drastic changes in elevation, climatic variation can be expected. The climate across the state varies from topical to sub-alpine. Summers tend to be hot with high temperatures usually around 90ºF (32ºC), while winter months typically see daily low temperatures right around freezing (32ºF or 0ºC). Rainfall is heavy in the state, averaging about 78 inches (198 cm) per year. Mountain regions tend to receive most of this precipitation, and rain seems to fall the most from May to October. To avoid the rain and the heat, most consider anytime between October and February as the ideal time to visit.

Location :

Located in northeast India, Manipur is founded north by Nagaland, east by Myanmar (Burma), south by Myanmar (Burma) and Mizoram, and west by Assam.

Culture :

Despite the fact that most Manipuris are Hindu, the Manipuri life contains many facets atypical of other Hindu cultures. Social classifications are not based on the common Hindu caste, but instead cultural groups: the Meiteis, the Bamons (Brahmins with Indian origin), the Pangans (Muslims with Indian origin), and the lois (social outcasts). Even today, people rarely marry members of another group. The Manipuri lifestyle also focuses on the small, closely knit neighborhood, or leikai. All activities and celebrations are done within the lekai, and the greatest honor is respect and approval of one's leikai. Manipur's most well known craft is exotic textile work. The mekhla, a sarong sheet women wear around their waists, and the Manipuri waistcoat are the most demanded masterpieces of this highly refined art. The art of Rasleela combines performance and a history lesson. Developed by Rajarsee Bhagyachandra, the dance recounts the mythological story of Manipur's creation. Such dancing and the exposition of other art forms provide for the state's fabulous festivals, which seem to be year long. Many fill the Manipuri calendar, and each one includes traditional music, dancing, and dining. Yaosang celebrates the full-moon day of February/March and the coming of spring. Cheirouba marks the beginning of a new year, and Ningol Chakaouba reflects on the love of siblings. All of these festivals involve, above all, general glee and merriment.

History :

A princely State for nearly two thousand year, Manipur came under the British rule only in 1891. On attainment of independence, it became a C State in 1949 and a full-fledged State of the Indian union in 1972.

Economy :

Manipur's main industries are pharmaceuticals, steel re-rolling, plywood production, bamboo chipping, cement, and electronics; however, the list is some what misleading. Industrial growth is increasingly more rapid, but currently it is far from developed in the state. Agriculture is the major way of life and means of survival for the state. Rice, bamboo, and various vegetables make up the bulk of agricultural production for the state.

States and Union Territories of India